Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was born to Friedrich Leibniz and Catharina Schmuck in Leipzig, Electorate of Saxony. His father was a professor of moral philosophy at the University of Leipzig.

Leibniz's father died, leaving him with access to his father’s extensive library. This early exposure to a wide range of literature and philosophy greatly influenced his intellectual development.

Leibniz began his formal education at the University of Leipzig, where he studied philosophy, law, and mathematics. His rapid progress and intellectual curiosity were evident from the start.

Leibniz received his doctorate in law from the University of Altdorf, where he had moved after being refused a doctorate at Leipzig. His thesis, 'On the Case of Perplexing Questions in Law,' was highly praised.

Leibniz moved to Paris, where he immersed himself in the study of mathematics and began developing the foundations of calculus independently of Isaac Newton. He also engaged in philosophical discussions and diplomatic missions.

Leibniz developed the notation and methods of infinitesimal calculus, which he published in 1684. His work laid the groundwork for modern calculus and had a profound impact on mathematics and science.

Leibniz was appointed as librarian and court counselor to the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg in Hanover. He spent the next three decades in this role, working on a variety of scientific and philosophical projects.

Leibniz published 'Discourse on Metaphysics,' a foundational work in his philosophy. The treatise explored the nature of reality, the principle of sufficient reason, and the concept of pre-established harmony.

Leibniz played a crucial role in the establishment of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, which became a center for scientific research and intellectual exchange in Prussia. He served as its first president.

Leibniz published 'Principles of Nature and of Grace, Founded on Reason,' one of his last major philosophical works. The treatise summarized his views on metaphysics, ethics, and the nature of the universe.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz died in Hanover, Electoral State of Hanover, after a long and prolific career. He left behind a vast legacy in philosophy, mathematics, and science, influencing generations of thinkers.