Alexander II

Alexander II was born to Emperor Nicholas I and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna in the Moscow Kremlin.

Alexander II begins his formal education, tutored by various scholars and military officers, focusing on history, languages, and the sciences.

Alexander II enrolls in the prestigious Corps of Pages, a military academy for aristocratic boys, where he receives military training.

Alexander II marries Princess Maria Alexandrovna (née Maria of Hesse and by Rhine) in a grand ceremony, solidifying political alliances.

Following the death of his father, Nicholas I, Alexander II ascends to the throne as the Emperor of Russia, facing significant challenges.

Alexander II issues the Emancipation Manifesto, freeing the serfs and fundamentally altering Russia's social and economic structure.

Alexander II introduces Zemstvo, a form of local self-government, allowing peasants and nobles to participate in local administration.

Alexander II enacts significant judicial reforms, introducing trial by jury and establishing a more modern and equitable legal system.

Alexander II initiates military reforms, including the introduction of conscription, modernization of the army, and the establishment of military schools.

Alexander II establishes the State Bank of Russia to stabilize the economy and promote industrial growth, laying the foundation for modern banking.

Alexander II narrowly escapes an assassination attempt by Dmitry Karakozov, highlighting the growing political tensions in Russia.

Alexander II introduces reforms in higher education, expanding access to universities and promoting academic freedom and research.

Alexander II declares war on the Ottoman Empire, aiming to liberate Balkan Christians and expand Russian influence in the region.

Alexander II signs the Treaty of San Stefano, ending the Russo-Turkish War and securing significant territorial gains for Russia.

Alexander II is assassinated by members of the Narodnaya Volya (People's Will) during a procession, marking the end of his reign and reforms.