Ferdinand VII

Ferdinand VII, future King of Spain, was born to King Charles IV and Queen Maria Luisa of Parma in the Royal Palace of Madrid.

Ferdinand VII begins his formal education, focusing on subjects like history, languages, and the arts, under the guidance of tutors and court scholars.

Ferdinand VII's father, Charles IV, abdicates the throne under pressure from Napoleon, leading to a brief reign by Ferdinand VII before he is forced to abdicate himself.

Napoleon Bonaparte invades Spain, deposes Ferdinand VII, and installs his brother Joseph as King. Ferdinand is taken to France as a prisoner.

After the defeat of Napoleon, Ferdinand VII returns to Spain and resumes his position as king, reasserting his authority and beginning his absolutist rule.

Ferdinand VII restores the absolute monarchy, repealing the liberal Constitution of 1812 and re-imposing strict control over the government and society.

Ferdinand VII marries Maria Antonia of Naples and Sicily, his first of four marriages, in an attempt to secure the succession and strengthen diplomatic ties.

Ferdinand VII's first wife, Maria Antonia, dies without leaving an heir, leading him to seek a new marriage to ensure the continuation of the royal line.

Ferdinand VII marries Maria Isabel de Braganza, his second wife, in hopes of producing an heir and solidifying his dynasty.

A liberal revolt led by Rafael del Riego forces Ferdinand VII to swear to the Constitution of 1812, marking the beginning of a period of liberal governance in Spain.

With the help of French troops, Ferdinand VII crushes the liberal revolt and restores his absolute monarchy, leading to a period of severe repression and censorship.

Ferdinand VII marries Maria Josefa Amalia of Saxony, his third wife, in another attempt to produce an heir and secure the succession.

Ferdinand VII's daughter, Isabella, is born to his fourth wife, Maria Christina of Naples and Sicily, ensuring the continuation of the Bourbon dynasty.

Ferdinand VII issues the Pragmatic Sanction, allowing his daughter Isabella to succeed him, despite the Salic Law that traditionally restricted succession to males.

Ferdinand VII dies in Madrid, leaving his daughter Isabella as the heir to the throne, setting the stage for the Carlist Wars and further political turmoil in Spain.