Quick Facts
French marshal who commanded the armies at the start of WWI, saved France at the First Battle of the Marne, but whose costly offensives and imperturbable calm eventually led to his removal.
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Life Journey
Born Joseph Jacques Césaire Joffre on January 12, 1852, in Rivesaltes, near the Spanish border. His father was a cooper (barrel maker). The boy would rise from this humble origin to command millions.
Entered the prestigious École Polytechnique. His mathematical and engineering abilities were evident. He would become one of France's finest military engineers.
Served as a young officer during the Siege of Paris in the Franco-Prussian War. The humiliating defeat shaped his entire generation of officers.
Began his colonial career in Formosa and Indochina. As an engineer, he built fortifications and railways. He would serve in Africa and Madagascar over the next two decades.
Led the column that captured Timbuktu. His colonial campaigns earned him a reputation for methodical planning and calm under pressure.
Returned to France after years of colonial service. His engineering background and calm demeanor brought him to the attention of the high command.
Appointed Chief of the General Staff and effective Commander-in-Chief. He would prepare France for the war everyone knew was coming.
Oversaw the development of Plan XVII, France's war plan emphasizing offensive operations into Alsace-Lorraine. The plan underestimated German strength and would nearly prove fatal.
The war began. Plan XVII was launched - and failed. The Germans swept through Belgium, approaching Paris. Joffre's calm never wavered as he reorganized his shattered armies.
In September 1914, Joffre launched the counterattack at the Marne. Spotting a gap in the German lines, he committed everything. The German advance was stopped. France was saved.
Launched repeated offensives in Artois and Champagne. All failed at horrific cost. Joffre's faith in offensive warfare remained unshaken despite the casualties.
The Germans attacked Verdun in February 1916. Joffre initially underestimated the threat. The battle would consume both armies for most of the year.
The Somme offensive was launched partly to relieve Verdun. The first day was a catastrophe for the British. The battle ground on for months with minimal gains.
In December 1916, Joffre was promoted to Marshal of France - and stripped of command. The title was consolation; the dismissal was real. Nivelle replaced him.
Sent to the United States to encourage American participation. 'Papa Joffre' was warmly received. His fame remained, even if his power was gone.
Elected to the Académie Française, an unusual honor for a soldier. He spent his final years writing memoirs and defending his record.
Marshal Joseph Joffre died on January 3, 1931. The Victor of the Marne was given a state funeral. His calm had saved France once; history still debates the cost.