Pope Gregory VII

Hildebrand of Sovana, later known as Pope Gregory VII, was born to a lower-class family in Sovana, Tuscany.

Hildebrand begins his education in Rome, studying theology and canon law, laying the foundation for his future ecclesiastical career.

Hildebrand joins the Roman clergy and serves as a subdeacon, beginning his service in the Church hierarchy.

Hildebrand is elected Cardinal-Deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin, a significant position within the Roman Curia.

Hildebrand plays a crucial role in reforming the papal election process, ensuring the College of Cardinals has the primary responsibility.

Hildebrand is appointed Archdeacon of Rome, a position that gives him significant influence in the Church’s administration.

Hildebrand begins advocating strongly for clerical celibacy and other reforms to combat simony and moral corruption within the Church.

Hildebrand becomes a close advisor to Pope Alexander II, supporting his reform efforts and influencing Church policies.

Hildebrand is elected Pope and takes the name Gregory VII, marking the beginning of his papacy and reform efforts.

Pope Gregory VII issues the Dictatus Papae, a document asserting the supremacy of the papacy over secular rulers and Church matters.

Pope Gregory VII initiates the Investiture Controversy, challenging the right of secular rulers to appoint Church officials.

Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Emperor Henry IV for his defiance in the Investiture Controversy, leading to a significant political conflict.

Emperor Henry IV performs penance at Canossa, seeking forgiveness from Pope Gregory VII and temporarily resolving the conflict.

Pope Gregory VII re-excommunicates Henry IV after the emperor's continued defiance and support for an antipope.

Pope Gregory VII is forced to flee Rome to Salerno due to the advancing forces of Henry IV and his Norman allies.

Pope Gregory VII dies in Salerno, Italy, having spent his final years in exile and continuing to defend his reform efforts.