Lao Tzu

Lao Tzu (also Laozi) was allegedly born in Chu State during the Spring and Autumn period. His name means 'Old Master.' Historical details about his life are sparse and often mixed with legend. According to tradition, he was born with white hair, hence 'old' in his name. He would become the founder of Taoism and author of the Tao Te Ching, one of the most translated works in world literature.

Lao Tzu served as the Keeper of the Royal Archives in the capital city of Luoyang. This position gave him access to ancient texts and philosophical works, deepening his understanding of cosmology, philosophy, and statecraft. His role in the imperial library exposed him to various schools of thought that would influence his later philosophical development.

According to historical accounts, Confucius visited Lao Tzu to discuss rituals and etiquette. Their meeting represented a clash between two philosophical approaches: Confucius's emphasis on social order and ritual versus Lao Tzu's preference for naturalness and spontaneity. Confucius reportedly said afterward that Lao Tzu was like a dragon—impossible to comprehend.

Disillusioned with the corruption and decline of the Zhou Dynasty, Lao Tzu decided to leave civilization. At Hangu Pass, the border guardian Yin Xi recognized him and asked him to record his wisdom before departing. In response, Lao Tzu wrote the Tao Te Ching (The Way and Its Power), a brief text of about 5,000 Chinese characters. The work became the foundational text of Taoism, emphasizing wu wei (effortless action), harmony with the Tao (the Way), and the virtue of simplicity.

After writing the Tao Te Ching, Lao Tzu rode a water buffalo westward through Hangu Pass and was never seen again. Legend says he traveled to India and may have influenced or even been the teacher of Buddha, though this is historically unverifiable. His departure symbolizes the Taoist ideal of transcending worldly affairs and returning to nature. The mystery of his fate added to his legendary status.